HGST (antigua Hitachi, ahora perteneciente a Western Digital), ha presentado el nuevo disco duro SMR HelioSeal de 10TB,
anunciado como el primer disco duro de 10TB. Se trata de un disco duro
de 3,5 pulgadas para entornos empresariales y tecnología de platos
magnéticos, sellado herméticamente y relleno con helio para mejorar la
refrigeración y permitir mayores densidades de almacenamiento, añadiendo
más platos y cabezales.
El acceso a los datos se realiza mediante una nueva tecnología Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR), en la que las operaciones de escritura se realizan en bandas de 256MB utilizando el estándar ZBC, lo que requiere la utilización de nuevos drivers en Linux desarrollados por la propia Hitachi.
Los científicos están investigando lo que puede ser la guerra de
razas más antigua, 13.000 años después de que la misma hiciera estragos
en los confines del Sahara.
Científicos franceses, que trabajan en colaboración con el British Museum,
han estado examinando decenas de esqueletos, la mayoría de los cuales
parecen haber sido asesinados por arqueros que usaron flechas con puntas
de sílex.
Los huesos -procedentes de Jebel Sahaba,
en la orilla este del Nilo, en el norte de Sudán- son de víctimas del
conflicto armado -relativamente a gran escala- más antiguo del mundo.
Durante los últimos dos años los antropólogos de la Universidad de Burdeos han descubierto literalmente docenas de marcas de impacto de flechas no detectadas
previamente, así como fragmentos de puntas de flechas de sílex en y
alrededor de los huesos de las víctimas.
Esto se suma a la gran cantidad de puntas de flechas y marcas de
impacto que ya se habían encontrado incrustadas en algunos de los huesos
durante un examen anterior de los mismos enlos años de la década
de 1960. Los restos -el contenido de todo un antiguo cementerio- fueron
hallados en 1964 por el destacado arqueólogo estadounidense Fred Wendorf, pero, hasta las
investigaciones en curso, nunca se habían examinado con el uso de la moderna tecnología deldel siglo XXI.
Los arqueólogos durante las excavaciones en la década de 1960
Parte del material esquelético ha sido enviado, de forma permanente, al British Museum como parte de la apertura de una nueva galería sobre el antiguo Egipto.
Los científicos del British Museum tienen ahora como
objetivo saber más acerca de las propias víctimas, desde el género que
tenían a las enfermedades que padecían, y desde su dieta a la edad que
ostentaban. El descubrimiento de docenas de marcas de impacto de
flechas no detectadas previamente, y de fragmentos de puntas de flechas
de sílex, indica que la mayoría de las personas -hombres, mujeres y
niños- del cementerio de Jebel Sahaba murieron a manos de arqueros
enemigos y luego fueron enterradas por su propio pueblo. Y lo que es
más, la nueva investigación demuestra que los ataques -en realidad, una
prolongada guerra de baja intensidad- se llevaron a cabo durante muchos
meses o años.
Una investigación paralela de los últimos años también ha volcado
nueva luz sobre quiénes eran estas víctimas en términos étnicos y
raciales.
El trabajo, llevado a cabo por la Universidad John Moores de
Liverpool, la Universidad de Alaska y la Universidad Tulane de Nueva
Orleans, indica que formaban parte, en general, de la población
subsahariana originaria, los antepasados de los modernos africanos
negros.
Sin embargo, la identidad de sus asesinos es menos fácil de
determinar. Pero es concebible que hubieran sido personas de un grupo
racial y étnico totalmente diferente, un pueblo con orígenes en el norte
de África, Levante y Europa, que vivía alrededor de la mayor parte de
la cuenca del Mediterráneo.
Los dos grupos -a pesar de que ambos pertenecían a nuestra especie Homo sapiens-
se habrían visto muy distintos unos de otros, y también serían, casi
con seguridad, muy diferentes lingüística y culturalmente. El grupo
originario subsahariano tenía extremidades largas, torsos relativamente
cortos, una mandíbula superior e inferior proyectada, frentes
redondeadas y narices anchas, mientras que el grupo originario del Norte
de África, Levante y Europa, tenía extremidades cortas, torsos largos y
caras planas. Ambos grupos eran muy musculosos y de constitución
fuerte.
Ciertamente, la zona norte de Sudán fue una importante área de
contacto entre estos dos diferenciados grupos alrededor del período que
nos ocupa. De hecho, los restos del grupo de población originaria del
norte de África, Levante y Europa, han sido hallados a unos 320 Km al
sur de Jebel Sahaba, lo que sugiere que las víctimas fueron masacradas en una zona donde ambas poblaciones operaban.
Además, el período en el cual perecieron de forma tan violenta fue
uno de gran competencia por los recursos, dado que parecen haber sido
asesinados durante una grave crisis climática en la que muchas fuentes
de agua se secaron, especialmente en verano.
Dicha crisis climática, conocida como Younger Dryas,
habría estado precedida por unas condiciones húmedas y cálidas muy
exuberantes que permitieron que la poblaciones se expandieran. Pero
cuando dichas condiciones climáticas empeoraron temporalmente durante el
Younger Dryas, los pozos de agua se secaron, la vegetación se
marchitó y los animales o murieron o se trasladaron a la única fuente
importante de agua que estaba disponible durante todo el año: el Nilo.
Todos los grupos étnicos de la zona se vieron obligados a hacer lo
mismo y emigraron a las orillas (especialmente la orilla oriental) del
gran río. Al competir por los escasos recursos, los grupos humanos se
habrían enfrentado inevitablemente, y la investigación actual está
demostrando la aparente magnitud de este sustancial y antiguo conflicto
humano. Imagen: Mapa del cementerio 117 en Jebel Sahaba. Los puntos rojos indican los que experimentaron una muerte violenta.
Los esqueletos fueron originalmente encontrados durante unas excavaciones financiadas por la UNESCO con el fin de investigar los enclaves arqueológicos que estaban a
punto de ser inundados por la presa de Asuán. Todo el material del
cementerio Jebel Sahaba fue llevado por el excavador Fred Wendorf a su
laboratorio de Texas, y unos 30 años más tarde fue trasladado al cuidado
del British Museum, el cual está trabajando ahora con otros científicos
para llevar a cabo un nuevo e importante análisis de los mismos.
"El material esquelético es de gran importancia, no sólo
por la evidencia del conflicto, sino también porque el cementerio Jebel
Sahaba es el más antiguo que se ha descubierto en el valle del Nilo
hasta el momento", dijo el Dr. Daniel Antoine (debajo), conservador de antropología física del British Museum en el departamento sobre el Antiguo Egipto y Sudán.
De las 59 víctimas de Jebel Sahaba, el material esquelético de dos de
ellas se ha incluido en la nueva galería sobre el Antiguo Egipto. La
exposición incluye fragmentos de puntas de flecha de sílex y una
fractura que ha sanado en un antebrazo, sufrida, casi con toda
seguridad, por una víctima que trató de defenderse levantando su brazo
durante un episodio del conflicto.
IT is a uniquely attractive industry for the autistic
"Ryno" is a 50-something ex-sysadmin, by his own account "burned out and living on disability" in rural Australia.
He
loved the tech parts of being a system administrator, and he was good
at them. But the interpersonal interactions that went along with the
position — the hearty backslaps from random users, the impromptu
meetings — were literally unbearable for Ryno.
"I can make your systems efficient and lower your downtime," he says. "I cannot make your users happy."
Bob,
a database applications programmer who's been working in high tech for
26 years, has an aptitude for math and logic. And he has what he calls
his "strange memory". If he can't recall the answer to a question, he
can recall exactly, as if in a digital image, where he first saw the
answer, down to the page and paragraph and sentence.
Bob
has some behaviour quirks as well: He can become nonverbal when he's
frustrated, and he interprets things literally — he doesn't read between
the lines. "I am sure [my boss] finds it frustrating when I
misinterpret his irony," he says, "but at least he knows it is not
willful."
"Jeremy"
excels at being able to see an engineering problem from the inside out,
internalising it almost from the point of view of the code itself. He's
great at hammering out details one on one with other intensely focused
people, often the CEOs of the companies he contracts for. To protect his
anonymity, he doesn't want to mention his programming subspecialty, but
suffice it to say he's a very well-known go-to guy in his industry.
What
Jeremy is not good at is suffering fools in the workplace or dealing
with the endless bureaucracy of the modern corporation. If someone is
wrong — if their idea just plain won't work — he says so, simply states
the fact. That frankness causes all manner of upset in the office, he's
discovered.
These IT professionals are all autistic. Bob and Ryno have Asperger's Syndrome (AS); Jeremy has high-functioning autism (HFA).
Though
the terms are debated and sometimes disputed in the medical community,
both refer in a general way to people who display some characteristics
of autism — including unusual responses to the environment and deficits
in social interaction — but not the cognitive and communicative
development impairments or language delays of classic autism.
People
with Asperger's, widely known as "Aspies," aren't good at reading
nonverbal cues, according to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
They can have difficulty forming friendships with peers, they form a
strict adherence to routines and rituals, and they may exhibit
repetitive and stereotyped motor movements like hand or finger flapping.
Dr
Tony Attwood, a world-renowned Asperger's clinician and author in
Brisbane, Australia, defines Asperger's in a more human context: "The
[Asperger's] person usually has a strong desire to seek knowledge, truth
and perfection with a different set of priorities. ... The overriding
priority may be to solve a problem rather than satisfy the social or
emotional needs of others."
Problems over people? Hmm, sounds like a techie.
A paper
on Asperger's from Yale University's Developmental Disabilities Clinic
continues down the same path: "Idiosyncratic interests are common and
may take the form of an unusual and/or highly circumscribed interest
(such as in train schedules, snakes, the weather, deep-fry cookers or
telegraph pole insulators)."
Or
technology. When Ryno spoke with a receptionist to make an initial
appointment for an evaluation with Attwood, she asked him, what is your
"Big Interest?"
"She
inadvertently gave me a diagnostic question I have found invaluable,"
he recalls. "The Big Interest is a great start to Aspie-spotting."
Ryno's Big Interest is computers and communications. He's not the only one, not by a long shot.
The Asperger's-IT connection
Autism,
though first identified and labeled in 1943, is still a poorly
understood neurodevelopment disorder, and nearly every aspect of its
causes, manifestations, research and cure is mired in controversy.
Asperger's and HFA, being hard-to-define, often undiagnosed or
underdiagnosed variants on the high end of the autism spectrum, are even
less quantified or understood.
Diagnoses
of autism, including Asperger's, have skyrocketed in the US in recent
years — the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention now estimates
that one in 150 8-year-old children has some form of autism.
It's
not clear if the increase is because of better detection, a change in
the diagnosis to include a wider range of behaviours, a true increase in
case numbers, or some combination of those or other factors.
It's
even less clear how many adults have Asperger's. Because Aspies are
usually of average or above-average intelligence, they're often able to
mask or accommodate their differences socially and in the workplace,
meaning many of them make it well into middle age, or live their whole
lives, without being formally diagnosed.
A spokesman for the National
Institute of Mental Health says the agency is not aware of any
government organisation or academic research that tracks the incidence
of AS in adults.
Where
statistics come up short, anecdote is happy to take up the slack. Ask
an Asperger's-aware techie if there is indeed a connection between AS
and IT, and you're likely to get "affirmative, Captain".
When the question is put to Ryno, he emails back a visual: "Aspies--> tech--> as fish--> water."
And
Bob, the database applications programmer, says, "Yes, it is a
stereotype, and yes, there are a higher than average number of Aspies in
high tech."
Nobody, it seems, has more to say on the subject than Temple Grandin, a fast-talking PhD Aspie professor who's the closest thing Asperger's has to an elder stateswoman.
Grandin
made her mark designing livestock-handling facilities from the point of
view of the animal; she now has a thriving second career as an
Asperger's author (Thinking in Pictures, Unwritten Rules of Social Relationships) and speaker.
"Is
there a connection between Asperger's and IT? We wouldn't even have any
computers if we didn't have Asperger's," she declares. "All these
labels — 'geek' and 'nerd' and 'mild Asperger's' — are all getting at
the same thing. ... The Asperger's brain is interested in things rather
than people, and people who are interested in things have given us the
computer you're working on right now."
Career opportunities, career limitations
Grandin has compiled a list
of jobs and their suitability to Aspies and autistics according to
their skills. No surprise, tech jobs are cited early and often. Her list
of "good jobs for visual thinkers", for example, includes computer
programming, drafting (including computer-aided drafting), computer
troubleshooting and repair, web page design, video game design and
computer animation.
Grandin's
"good jobs for nonvisual thinkers", which she further defines as "those
who are good at math, music or facts," includes computer programming,
engineering, inventory control and physics.
Why do Asperger's individuals gravitate to technology?
"Adults
with Asperger's have a social naivety that prevents them from
understanding how people relate. What draws them in is not parties and
social interaction, but work that allows them to feel safe, to feel in
control," explains Steve Becker, a developmental disabilities therapist
at Becker & Associates, a
private practice in the Seattle suburb of Des Moines, Washington, that
conducts ongoing small group sessions for adults with AS, among other
services.
"What's
better for that than a video game or a software program?" Becker asks.
"When you're designing a software program, there are rules and protocols
to be followed. In life, there is no manual."
While
careful to protect his clients' confidentiality, Becker confirms that
he sees many adults and children of adults who work for the region's
tech powerhouses — Microsoft and Boeing — and the hundreds of smaller
companies that orbit around them.
Some
of the Aspies he counsels are at the very top of their tech game:
software and aerospace engineers, computer scientists, PhDs. But for
every research fellow with Asperger's, he says, there are a legion of
fellow Aspies having a much tougher time in the middle or lower ranks of
the industry.
"The spectrum of success is much broader than one would expect," agrees Roger Meyer, the Oregon-based author of The Asperger Syndrome Employment Workbook
who runs one of the oldest peer-led adult Asperger's groups in the
country. "Adults who have grown sophisticated at masking and adaptive
behaviours can either bubble along at the bottom of the market or do
very well at the top."
It's that
"bubbling along at the bottom" that has Becker, Meyer and other Aspie
specialists concerned. Employees with Asperger's might do well for years
in data entry or working in a job like insurance claims, where
knowledge of ephemera is a prized work skill, only to flounder when
they're promoted to a position that requires a higher degree of social
interaction.
"The
more technical the job, the better they do. But for some, managing
people in a supervisory capacity can be a problem," Becker says.
That
can leave Asperger's employees stuck on the lower and less remunerative
ranks of IT, sometimes in jobs that are vulnerable to outsourcing, says
Meyer. For example, certain tech support situations, where sensory
distractions are minimal and human interactions are reduced to a screen
or a voice on the phone, are a natural fit for some Aspies.
"They're
good at diagnostic work. They can get in and slosh around in the
computer, use their encyclopedic knowledge of applications and
work-arounds, and arrive at a solution that may be unorthodox but
effective," says Meyer. As those jobs increasingly become automated
and/or outsourced, Aspies' chances for employment are diminished as
well.
IT's dark little secret
Becker
and Meyer say they have yet to hear of a single corporation that has
any kind of formal programme in place to nurture and support employees
with Asperger's and HFA, aside from covering the costs of therapy
through standard health care plans.
Which
begs the question: If Aspies are everywhere among us, why isn't the IT
industry doing more to support them or even to simply acknowledge their
existence?
High-tech
companies, after all, have been at the forefront of supporting workers
with nearly every type of social, ethnic, physical or developmental
identification. Microsoft, to take just one example, sponsors at least 20 affinity
groups — for African Americans, dads, deaf and hard of hearing,
visually impaired, Singaporeans, single parents, and
gay/lesbian/bisexual and transgendered employees, to name a few. Just
nothing for autistics.
A
Microsoft spokeswoman confirmed that the company has no group or
formal, separate support for Asperger's. On rare occasions, an employee
with AS has requested accommodation, she says. When that happens, the
employee is paired with a disability case manager to determine
"reasonable accommodation" on a case-by-case basis.
Intel and Yahoo didn't respond to requests to discuss their policy toward Asperger's employees, and a Google spokesman says the company was "unable to accommodate the inquiry".
To be fair, the question of whether and how corporations should support Aspies is a thorny one to untangle.
For
one thing, unlike a disability that confines an employee to a
wheelchair or the language barrier that a foreigner faces, autism is
something others can't see or easily understand.
"A
readily visible disability is easier [for co-workers] to cognitively
take on board, it seems," Ryno laments. "Ah, if only Asperger's made one
turn green!"
"If
you meet someone from another country," Jeremy elaborates, "people know
they're from a different country and they cut them some slack."
And
by their very nature, Aspies are not uniters. Microsoft's clubs and
support groups are all initiated and chartered by employees. That leaves
Aspies out by default: It would be highly unusual for an employee with
Asperger's to voluntarily organise any type of social group, with or
without other autistics.
Finally,
many Aspies aren't "out" in the workplace; they haven't acknowledged
their condition publicly or to more than one or two individuals.
Whether
they should is a matter of contention. Ryno revealed his Asperger's at
only one job (his last) and lived to regret it, even though his boss
happened to be a young Aspie as well.
"It's
the first time I've had an AS person as a superior," he says. "It was
definitely a refreshing change not to have to explain why I didn't do
eye contact, hated meetings and could not suffer fools, let alone feign
gladness."
In
retrospect, however, Ryno regrets having told anyone he has AS. "I'd
say there were many disadvantages and few gains. The gains were
short-lived, too." Specifically, systems that Ryno and his boss had
designed both to help users and to minimise interruptions to their own
workdays were resented and little used.
Now
that Ryno is gone — he quit after being ordered by an executive to
restore internet access for an employee caught downloading pornography
against company policy — "the other AS employee is being forced into
meetings, crowded social gatherings and many of the situations we had
previously been allowed to keep to a minimum," he reports.
Jeremy
has found that when he asks co-workers and bosses to accommodate his
differences, it doesn't help, and in fact always seems to lead to the
same end: termination.
"I
don't blink. I stare. I don't understand boundary issues very well. I
don't have a feeling of group membership, but other people have a very
firm idea of membership in groups," he says, struggling to define the
problem as precisely as possible.
As
a result, where other employees are able to correct their mistakes and
adjust their behaviours day to day in the office environment, Jeremy
isn't. "People won't give me negative feedback. I don't know what I'm
missing until it's already become a problem. I pick up on a lot of
stuff, but I miss some cues. They're like little black holes, and the
little black holes accumulate, and I end up being forced out. It keeps
happening."
It
isn't a question of work — he is sought out for his programming
specialty and always busy as a contractor — but of social relationships.
"I get the feeling what they'd like to do is put me in a black box,
give me an assignment and get it out the other end in few weeks."
Building a better workplace?
The
subtle social engineering that Jeremy and other HFA and Aspie employees
struggle with may be beyond the ken of even the most proactive human
resource organisations. But that doesn't mean the industry's
heavy-hitters can't and shouldn't proactively fashion a more
Asperger's-friendly workplace, a kind of "if you build it they will come
— and work" scenario.
These
changes needn't be monumental, or limited to Aspies only, specialists
say. Bob, the database applications programmer, was just one of several
Aspies interviewed for this story who spoke admiringly of the work/life
accommodations in place at internet companies like Google.
"I
would not demand it from anyone, but I do wish every employer were as
accommodating as Google, supplying prepared meals and encouraging people
to bring their dogs to work," he says.
Physical
changes to the office environment can help as well, Grandin and others
point out. Many Asperger's workers are debilitated by blinking or
flickering lights; the mechanical noise of an air conditioner,
photocopier or ringing telephones; or simple office chatter. A quiet
corner, an office or cubicle with soundproofing or a white-noise machine
may be all it takes to turn the situation around.
And
more than one person spoke highly of the rumours that Microsoft offers a
"buddy system" for Aspies, pairing an Asperger's employee with a
neurotypical — that is, nonautistic — colleague who coaches them through
the whys and wherefores of meetings and other social interactions. A
Microsoft spokeswoman says there is no official information available on
any buddy programmes, but says there is a good chance such initiatives
are conducted on a team-by-team basis within the company.
Beyond
that, Asperger's individuals hope only that they be given a chance to
find a niche in the modern corporate landscape. Companies have evolved
to accommodate everything from workers' physical height to their hearing
ability, sexual orientation or ethno-religious status, Ryno points out.
In
the same way, he says, "employers of Aspies should look at the person
and the tasks, environment, and communication structure and adjust for
the best viable fit."
Seattle-area
psychologist Becker has seen some early signs that forward-looking
high-tech companies may be doing just that. "I have seen cases where [a
client] will say, 'I have Asperger's,' and receive a positive response
from social workers employed by the business or the insurance
companies," he reports.
On
the whole, Becker is willing to cut IT some slack — for now at least.
"Most corporations have never dealt with Asperger's. It's a fairly new
diagnosis, even newer for adults," he points out. His general feeling is
that high tech wants to support Aspies as valuable employees, it just
doesn't yet know how. But that too shall change.
"In the next five to 10 years, we'll see more businesses treating autism spectrum disorders as routine," he predicts.
con los libros en formato papel el autor no ve ni el 10% del precio final, luego supone una gran mejora, no sólo porque proporciona mucha más proporción de ingresos y un mayor mercado.. es que además no hay que pasar por la censura de la editorial..
